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15 changed files with 254 additions and 466 deletions

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@ -28,6 +28,16 @@ jobs:
restore-keys: |
cabal-
- name: Set up cache for Nix
uses: actions/cache@v4
with:
path: |
/nix/store
/nix/var/nix/cache
key: nix-${{ hashFiles('flake.lock') }}
restore-keys: |
nix-
- name: Initialize Cabal and update package list
run: |
nix develop --command cabal update
@ -48,14 +58,22 @@ jobs:
with:
fetch-depth: 0
- name: Build and shrink binary
- name: Set up cache for Nix
uses: actions/cache@v4
with:
path: |
/nix/store
/nix/var/nix/cache
key: nix-${{ hashFiles('flake.lock') }}
restore-keys: |
nix-
- name: Build binary
run: |
nix build
cp -L ./result/bin/tricu ./tricu
chmod 755 ./tricu
nix develop --command upx ./tricu
ls -alh ./result/bin/tricu
- name: Setup go for release action
- name: Setup go for release actoin
uses: actions/setup-go@v5
with:
go-version: '>=1.20.1'
@ -64,6 +82,5 @@ jobs:
uses: https://gitea.com/actions/release-action@main
with:
files: |-
./tricu
./result/bin/tricu
api_key: '${{ secrets.RELEASE_TOKEN }}'
pre_release: true

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@ -2,22 +2,21 @@
## Introduction
tricu (pronounced "tree-shoe") is a purely functional interpreted language implemented in Haskell. It is fundamentally based on the application of [Tree Calculus](https://github.com/barry-jay-personal/typed_tree_calculus/blob/main/typed_program_analysis.pdf) terms, but minimal syntax sugar is included to provide a useful programming tool. tricu is under active development and you can expect breaking changes with nearly every commit.
tricu (pronounced "tree-shoe") is a purely functional interpreted language implemented in Haskell. [I'm](https://eversole.co) developing tricu to further research the possibilities offered by the various forms of [Tree Calculi](https://github.com/barry-jay-personal/typed_tree_calculus/blob/main/typed_program_analysis.pdf).
tricu is the word for "tree" in Lojban: `(x1) is a tree of species/cultivar (x2)`.
tricu offers minimal syntax sugar yet manages to provide a complete, intuitive, and familiar programming environment. There is great power in simplicity. tricu offers:
## Features
1. `t` operator behaving by the rules of Tree Calculus
1. Function definitions/assignments
1. Lambda abstractions eliminated to Tree Calculus forms
1. List, Number, and String literals
1. Parentheses for grouping function application
- Tree Calculus operator: `t`
- Assignments: `x = t t`
- Lambda abstraction syntax: `id = (\a : a)`
- List, Number, and String literals: `[(2) ("Hello")]`
- Function application: `not (not false)`
- Higher order/first-class functions: `map (\a : lconcat a "!") [("Hello")]`
- Intensionality blurs the distinction between functions and data (see REPL examples)
- Immutability
These features move us cleanly out of the [turing tarpit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_tarpit) territory that you may find yourself in if you try working only with the `t` operator.
## REPL examples
tricu is the word for "tree" in Lojban: `(x1) is a tree of species/cultivar (x2)`. This project was named "sapling" until I discovered the name is already being used for other (completely unrelated) programming language development projects.
## What does it look like?
```
tricu < -- Anything after `--` on a single line is a comment
@ -27,24 +26,19 @@ tricu > "Hello, world!"
tricu < id (head (map (\i : lconcat i " world!") [("Hello, ")]))
tricu > "Hello, world!"
tricu < -- Intensionality! We can inspect the structure of a function or data.
tricu < -- Intensionality! We can inspect the structure of a function.
tricu < triage = (\a b c : t (t a b) c)
tricu < test = triage "Leaf" (\z : "Stem") (\a b : "Fork")
tricu < test (t t)
tricu > "Stem"
tricu < -- We can even convert a term back to source code (/demos/toSource.tri)
tricu < -- We can even write a function to convert a term back to source code
tricu < toSource not?
tricu > "(t (t (t t) (t t t)) (t t (t t t)))"
tricu < -- or calculate its size (/demos/size.tri)
tricu < size not?
tricu > 12
```
## Installation and Use
[Releases are available for Linux.](https://git.eversole.co/James/tricu/releases)
Or you can easily build and/or run this project using [Nix](https://nixos.org/download/).
You can easily build and/or run this project using [Nix](https://nixos.org/download/).
- Quick Start (REPL):
- `nix run git+https://git.eversole.co/James/tricu`
@ -85,4 +79,4 @@ tricu decode [OPTIONS]
Tree Calculus was discovered by [Barry Jay](https://github.com/barry-jay-personal/blog).
[treecalcul.us](https://treecalcul.us) is an excellent website with an intuitive Tree Calculus code playground created by [Johannes Bader](https://johannes-bader.com/) that introduced me to Tree Calculus.
[treecalcul.us](https://treecalcul.us) is an excellent website with an intuitive playground created by [Johannes Bader](https://johannes-bader.com/) that introduced me to Tree Calculus. If tricu sounds interesting but compiling this repo sounds like a hassle, you should check out his site.

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@ -1,35 +1,24 @@
-- We represent `false` with a Leaf and `true` with a Stem Leaf
demo_false = t
demo_true = t t
false = t
true = t t
-- Tree Calculus representation of the Boolean `not` function
not_TC? = t (t (t t) (t t t)) (t t (t t t))
triage = (\a b c : t (t a b) c)
-- /demos/toSource.tri contains an explanation of `triage`
demo_triage = \a b c : t (t a b) c
demo_matchBool = (\ot of : demo_triage
matchBool = (\ot of : triage
of
(\_ : ot)
(\_ _ : ot)
)
-- Lambda representation of the Boolean `not` function
not_Lambda? = demo_matchBool demo_false demo_true
-- Since tricu eliminates Lambda terms to SKI combinators, the tree form of many
-- functions defined via Lambda terms are larger than the most efficient TC
-- representation. Between different languages that evaluate to tree calculus
-- terms, the exact implementation of Lambda elimination may differ and lead
-- to different tree representations even if they share extensional behavior.
not_TC? = t (t (t t) (t t t)) (t t (t t t))
not_Lambda? = matchBool false true
-- Let's see if these are the same:
lambdaEqualsTC = equal? not_TC? not_Lambda?
areEqual? = equal not_TC not_Lambda
-- Here are some checks to verify their extensional behavior is the same:
true_TC? = not_TC? demo_false
false_TC? = not_TC? demo_true
true_TC? = not_TC false
false_TC? = not_TC true
true_Lambda? = not_Lambda? demo_false
false_Lambda? = not_Lambda? demo_true
true_Lambda? = not_Lambda false
false_Lambda? = not_Lambda true
bothTrueEqual? = equal? true_TC? true_Lambda?
bothFalseEqual? = equal? false_TC? false_Lambda?
areTrueEqual? = equal true_TC true_Lambda
areFalseEqual? = equal false_TC false_Lambda

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@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-- Level Order Traversal of a labelled binary tree
-- Objective: Print each "level" of the tree on a separate line
--
-- We model labelled binary trees as nested lists where values act as labels. We
-- NOTICE: This demo relies on tricu base library functions
--
-- We model labelled binary trees as sublists where values act as labels. We
-- require explicit notation of empty nodes. Empty nodes can be represented
-- with an empty list, `[]`, which evaluates to a single node `t`.
-- with an empty list, `[]`, which is equivalent to a single node `t`.
--
-- Example tree inputs:
-- [("1") [("2") [("4") t t] t] [("3") [("5") t t] [("6") t t]]]]
@ -13,42 +15,43 @@
-- 2 3
-- / / \
-- 4 5 6
--
label = \node : head node
label = (\node : head node)
left = (\node : if (emptyList? node)
left = (\node : if (emptyList node)
[]
(if (emptyList? (tail node))
(if (emptyList (tail node))
[]
(head (tail node))))
right = (\node : if (emptyList? node)
right = (\node : if (emptyList node)
[]
(if (emptyList? (tail node))
(if (emptyList (tail node))
[]
(if (emptyList? (tail (tail node)))
(if (emptyList (tail (tail node)))
[]
(head (tail (tail node))))))
processLevel = y (\self queue : if (emptyList? queue)
processLevel = y (\self queue : if (emptyList queue)
[]
(pair (map label queue) (self (filter
(\node : not? (emptyList? node))
(\node : not (emptyList node))
(lconcat (map left queue) (map right queue))))))
levelOrderTraversal_ = \a : processLevel (t a t)
levelOrderTraversal_ = (\a : processLevel (t a t))
toLineString = y (\self levels : if (emptyList? levels)
toLineString = y (\self levels : if (emptyList levels)
""
(lconcat
(lconcat (map (\x : lconcat x " ") (head levels)) "")
(if (emptyList? (tail levels)) "" (lconcat (t (t 10 t) t) (self (tail levels))))))
(if (emptyList (tail levels)) "" (lconcat (t (t 10 t) t) (self (tail levels))))))
levelOrderToString = \s : toLineString (levelOrderTraversal_ s)
levelOrderToString = (\s : toLineString (levelOrderTraversal_ s))
flatten = foldl (\acc x : lconcat acc x) ""
levelOrderTraversal = \s : lconcat (t 10 t) (flatten (levelOrderToString s))
levelOrderTraversal = (\s : lconcat (t 10 t) (flatten (levelOrderToString s)))
exampleOne = levelOrderTraversal [("1")
[("2") [("4") t t] t]

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@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
compose = \f g x : f (g x)
succ = y (\self :
triage
1
t
(triage
(t (t t))
(\_ tail : t t (self tail))
t))
size = (\x :
(y (\self x :
compose succ
(triage
(\x : x)
self
(\x y : compose (self x) (self y))
x)) x 0))
size size

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@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
-- even if it's a function. This includes lambdas which are eliminated to
-- Tree Calculus (TC) terms during evaluation.
-- `triage` takes four arguments: the first three represent behaviors for each
-- Triage takes four arguments: the first three represent behaviors for each
-- structural case in Tree Calculus (Leaf, Stem, and Fork).
-- The fourth argument is the value whose structure is inspected. By evaluating
-- the Tree Calculus term, `triage` enables branching logic based on the term's
-- shape, making it possible to perform structure-specific operations such as
-- reconstructing the terms' source code representation.
-- triage = (\leaf stem fork : t (t leaf stem) fork)
triage = (\a b c : t (t a b) c)
-- Base case of a single Leaf
sourceLeaf = t (head "t")
@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ sourceFork = (\convert : (\a b rest :
-- Wrapper around triage
toSource_ = y (\self arg :
triage
sourceLeaf -- `triage` "a" case, Leaf
(sourceStem self) -- `triage` "b" case, Stem
(sourceFork self) -- `triage` "c" case, Fork
sourceLeaf -- Triage `a` case, Leaf
(sourceStem self) -- Triage `b` case, Stem
(sourceFork self) -- Triage `c` case, Fork
arg) -- The term to be inspected
-- toSource takes a single TC term and returns a String
toSource = \v : toSource_ v ""
toSource = (\v : toSource_ v "")
exampleOne = toSource true -- OUT: "(t t)"
exampleTwo = toSource not? -- OUT: "(t (t (t t) (t t t)) (t t (t t t)))"
exampleTwo = toSource not -- OUT: "(t (t (t t) (t t t)) (t t (t t t)))"

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@ -32,11 +32,10 @@
defaultPackage = self.packages.${system}.default;
devShells.default = pkgs.mkShell {
buildInputs = with pkgs; [
haskellPackages.cabal-install
haskellPackages.ghcid
buildInputs = with pkgs.haskellPackages; [
cabal-install
ghcid
customGHC
upx
];
inputsFrom = builtins.attrValues self.packages.${system};
};

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@ -7,15 +7,18 @@ s = t (t (k t)) t
m = s i i
b = s (k s) k
c = s (s (k s) (s (k k) s)) (k k)
id = \a : a
iC = (\a b c : s a (k c) b)
iD = b (b iC) iC
iE = b (b iD) iC
yi = (\i : b m (c b (i m)))
y = yi iC
yC = yi iD
yD = yi iE
id = (\a : a)
pair = t
if = \cond then else : t (t else (t t then)) t cond
if = (\cond then else : t (t else (t t then)) t cond)
y = ((\mut wait fun : wait mut (\x : fun (wait mut x)))
(\x : x x)
(\a0 a1 a2 : t (t a0) (t t a2) a1))
triage = \leaf stem fork : t (t leaf stem) fork
triage = (\a b c : t (t a b) c)
test = triage "Leaf" (\_ : "Stem") (\_ _ : "Fork")
matchBool = (\ot of : triage
@ -24,9 +27,17 @@ matchBool = (\ot of : triage
(\_ _ : ot)
)
matchList = \a b : triage a _ b
matchList = (\oe oc : triage
oe
_
oc
)
matchPair = \a : triage _ _ a
matchPair = (\op : triage
_
_
op
)
not? = matchBool false true
and? = matchBool id (\_ : false)
@ -42,18 +53,20 @@ lconcat = y (\self : matchList
lAnd = (triage
(\_ : false)
(\_ x : x)
(\_ _ x : x))
(\_ _ x : x)
)
lOr = (triage
(\x : x)
(\_ _ : true)
(\_ _ _ : true))
(\_ _ _ : true)
)
map_ = y (\self :
matchList
(\_ : t)
(\head tail f : pair (f head) (self tail f)))
map = \f l : map_ l f
map = (\f l : map_ l f)
equal? = y (\self : triage
(triage
@ -74,10 +87,10 @@ equal? = y (\self : triage
filter_ = y (\self : matchList
(\_ : t)
(\head tail f : matchBool (t head) i (f head) (self tail f)))
filter = \f l : filter_ l f
filter = (\f l : filter_ l f)
foldl_ = y (\self f l x : matchList (\acc : acc) (\head tail acc : self f tail (f acc head)) l x)
foldl = \f x l : foldl_ f l x
foldl = (\f x l : foldl_ f l x)
foldr_ = y (\self x f l : matchList x (\head tail : f (self x f tail) head) l)
foldr = \f x l : foldr_ x f l
foldr = (\f x l : foldr_ x f l)

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@ -3,43 +3,33 @@ module Eval where
import Parser
import Research
import Data.List (partition)
import Data.Map (Map)
import qualified Data.Map as Map
import qualified Data.Set as Set
evalSingle :: Env -> TricuAST -> Env
evalSingle env term
| SDef name [] body <- term =
if
| Map.member name env ->
errorWithoutStackTrace $
"Error: Identifier '" ++ name ++ "' is already defined."
| otherwise ->
let res = evalAST env body
in Map.insert "__result" res (Map.insert name res env)
| SFunc name [] body <- term =
let res = evalAST env body
in Map.insert "__result" res (Map.insert name res env)
| SApp func arg <- term =
let res = apply (evalAST env func) (evalAST env arg)
in Map.insert "__result" res env
| SVar name <- term =
case Map.lookup name env of
Just v ->
Map.insert "__result" v env
Nothing ->
errorWithoutStackTrace $ "Variable `" ++ name ++ "` not defined\n\
\This error should never occur here. Please report this as an issue."
Just v -> Map.insert "__result" v env
Nothing -> errorWithoutStackTrace $ "Variable " ++ name ++ " not defined"
| otherwise =
Map.insert "__result" (evalAST env term) env
evalTricu :: Env -> [TricuAST] -> Env
evalTricu env x = go env (reorderDefs env x)
where
go env [] = env
go env [x] =
let updatedEnv = evalSingle env x
in Map.insert "__result" (result updatedEnv) updatedEnv
go env (x:xs) =
evalTricu (evalSingle env x) xs
evalTricu env [] = env
evalTricu env [x] =
let updatedEnv = evalSingle env x
in Map.insert "__result" (result updatedEnv) updatedEnv
evalTricu env (x:xs) =
evalTricu (evalSingle env x) xs
evalAST :: Env -> TricuAST -> T
evalAST env term
@ -59,29 +49,16 @@ evalAST env term
(errorWithoutStackTrace $ "Variable " ++ name ++ " not defined")
name env
-- https://github.com/barry-jay-personal/typed_tree_calculus/blob/main/typed_program_analysis.pdf
-- Chapter 4: Lambda-Abstraction
elimLambda :: TricuAST -> TricuAST
elimLambda = go
where
-- η-reduction
go (SLambda [v] (SApp f (SVar x)))
| v == x && not (isFree v f) = elimLambda f
-- Triage optimization
go (SLambda [a] (SLambda [b] (SLambda [c] body)))
| body == triageBody = _TRIAGE
where
triageBody =
(SApp (SApp TLeaf (SApp (SApp TLeaf (SVar a)) (SVar b))) (SVar c))
-- Composition optimization
go (SLambda [f] (SLambda [g] (SLambda [x] body)))
| body == composeBody = _COMPOSE
where
composeBody = SApp (SVar f) (SApp (SVar g) (SVar x))
-- General elimination
go (SLambda (v:vs) body)
| null vs = toSKI v (elimLambda body)
| otherwise = elimLambda (SLambda [v] (SLambda vs body))
go (SApp f g) = SApp (elimLambda f) (elimLambda g)
go x = x
| null vs = toSKI v (elimLambda body)
| otherwise = elimLambda (SLambda [v] (SLambda vs body))
go (SApp f g) = SApp (elimLambda f) (elimLambda g)
go x = x
toSKI x (SVar y)
| x == y = _I
@ -91,91 +68,25 @@ elimLambda = go
| otherwise = SApp (SApp _S (toSKI x n)) (toSKI x u)
toSKI x t
| not (isFree x t) = SApp _K t
| otherwise = errorWithoutStackTrace "Unhandled toSKI conversion"
| otherwise = SApp (SApp _S (toSKI x t)) TLeaf
_S = parseSingle "t (t (t t t)) t"
_K = parseSingle "t t"
_I = parseSingle "t (t (t t)) t"
_TRIAGE = parseSingle "t (t (t t (t (t (t t t))))) t"
_COMPOSE = parseSingle "t (t (t t (t (t (t t t)) t))) (t t)"
_S = parseSingle "t (t (t t t)) t"
_K = parseSingle "t t"
_I = parseSingle "t (t (t t)) t"
isFree :: String -> TricuAST -> Bool
isFree x = Set.member x . freeVars
freeVars :: TricuAST -> Set.Set String
freeVars (SVar v ) = Set.singleton v
freeVars (SInt _ ) = Set.empty
freeVars (SStr _ ) = Set.empty
freeVars (SList s ) = foldMap freeVars s
freeVars (SApp f a ) = freeVars f <> freeVars a
freeVars (TLeaf ) = Set.empty
freeVars (SDef _ _ b) = freeVars b
freeVars (TStem t ) = freeVars t
freeVars (TFork l r ) = freeVars l <> freeVars r
freeVars (SLambda v b ) = foldr Set.delete (freeVars b) v
reorderDefs :: Env -> [TricuAST] -> [TricuAST]
reorderDefs env defs
| not (null missingDeps) =
errorWithoutStackTrace $
"Missing dependencies detected: " ++ show missingDeps
| otherwise = orderedDefs ++ others
where
(defsOnly, others) = partition isDef defs
graph = buildDepGraph defsOnly
sortedDefs = sortDeps graph
defMap = Map.fromList [(name, def) | def@(SDef name _ _) <- defsOnly]
orderedDefs = map (\name -> defMap Map.! name) sortedDefs
topDefNames = Set.fromList (Map.keys defMap)
envNames = Set.fromList (Map.keys env)
freeVarsDefs = foldMap (\(SDef _ _ body) -> freeVars body) defsOnly
freeVarsOthers = foldMap freeVars others
allFreeVars = freeVarsDefs <> freeVarsOthers
validNames = topDefNames `Set.union` envNames
missingDeps = Set.toList (allFreeVars `Set.difference` validNames)
isDef (SDef _ _ _) = True
isDef _ = False
buildDepGraph :: [TricuAST] -> Map.Map String (Set.Set String)
buildDepGraph topDefs
| not (null duplicateNames) =
errorWithoutStackTrace $
"Duplicate definitions detected: " ++ show duplicateNames
| otherwise =
Map.fromList
[ (name, depends topDefs (SDef name [] body))
| SDef name _ body <- topDefs]
where
names = [name | SDef name _ _ <- topDefs]
duplicateNames =
[ name | (name, count) <- Map.toList (countOccurrences names) , count > 1]
countOccurrences = foldr (\x -> Map.insertWith (+) x 1) Map.empty
sortDeps :: Map.Map String (Set.Set String) -> [String]
sortDeps graph = go [] (Map.keys graph)
where
go sorted [] = sorted
go sorted remaining
| null ready =
errorWithoutStackTrace
"ERROR: Top-level cyclic dependency detected and prohibited\n\
\RESOLVE: Use nested lambdas"
| otherwise = go (sorted ++ ready) notReady
where
ready = [ name | name <- remaining
, all (`elem` sorted) (Set.toList (graph Map.! name))]
notReady =
[ name | name <- remaining , name `notElem` ready]
depends :: [TricuAST] -> TricuAST -> Set.Set String
depends topDefs (SDef _ _ body) =
Set.intersection
(Set.fromList [n | SDef n _ _ <- topDefs])
(freeVars body)
depends _ _ = Set.empty
isFree x = Set.member x . freeVars
freeVars (SVar v ) = Set.singleton v
freeVars (SInt _ ) = Set.empty
freeVars (SStr _ ) = Set.empty
freeVars (SList s ) = foldMap freeVars s
freeVars (SApp f a ) = freeVars f <> freeVars a
freeVars (TLeaf ) = Set.empty
freeVars (SFunc _ _ b) = freeVars b
freeVars (TStem t ) = freeVars t
freeVars (TFork l r ) = freeVars l <> freeVars r
freeVars (SLambda v b ) = foldr Set.delete (freeVars b) v
result :: Env -> T
result r = case Map.lookup "__result" r of
Just a -> a
Nothing -> errorWithoutStackTrace "No __result field found in provided env"
Nothing -> errorWithoutStackTrace "No __result field found in provided environment"

View File

@ -85,10 +85,13 @@ scnParserM :: ParserM ()
scnParserM = skipMany $ do
t <- lookAhead anySingle
st <- get
if | (parenDepth st > 0 || bracketDepth st > 0) && (t == LNewline) ->
void $ satisfyM (== LNewline)
| otherwise ->
fail "In nested context or no space token" <|> empty
if | (parenDepth st > 0 || bracketDepth st > 0) && case t of
LNewline -> True
_ -> False -> void $ satisfyM $ \case
LNewline -> True
_ -> False
| otherwise -> fail "In nested context or no space token" <|> empty
eofM :: ParserM ()
eofM = lift eof
@ -106,23 +109,32 @@ parseExpressionM = choice
parseFunctionM :: ParserM TricuAST
parseFunctionM = do
let ident = (\case LIdentifier _ -> True; _ -> False)
LIdentifier name <- satisfyM ident
args <- many $ satisfyM ident
LIdentifier name <- satisfyM $ \case
LIdentifier _ -> True
_ -> False
args <- many $ satisfyM $ \case
LIdentifier _ -> True
_ -> False
_ <- satisfyM (== LAssign)
scnParserM
body <- parseExpressionM
pure (SDef name (map getIdentifier args) body)
pure (SFunc name (map getIdentifier args) body)
parseLambdaM :: ParserM TricuAST
parseLambdaM = do
let ident = (\case LIdentifier _ -> True; _ -> False)
_ <- satisfyM (== LBackslash)
params <- some (satisfyM ident)
_ <- satisfyM (== LColon)
scnParserM
body <- parseLambdaExpressionM
pure $ foldr (\param acc -> SLambda [getIdentifier param] acc) body params
parseLambdaM =
between (satisfyM (== LOpenParen)) (satisfyM (== LCloseParen)) $ do
_ <- satisfyM (== LBackslash)
param <- satisfyM $ \case
LIdentifier _ -> True
_ -> False
rest <- many $ satisfyM $ \case
LIdentifier _ -> True
_ -> False
_ <- satisfyM (== LColon)
scnParserM
body <- parseLambdaExpressionM
let nested = foldr (\v acc -> SLambda [getIdentifier v] acc) body rest
pure (SLambda [getIdentifier param] nested)
parseLambdaExpressionM :: ParserM TricuAST
parseLambdaExpressionM = choice
@ -168,8 +180,9 @@ parseAtomicBaseM = choice
parseTreeLeafM :: ParserM TricuAST
parseTreeLeafM = do
let keyword = (\case LKeywordT -> True; _ -> False)
_ <- satisfyM keyword
_ <- satisfyM $ \case
LKeywordT -> True
_ -> False
notFollowedBy $ lift $ satisfy (== LAssign)
pure TLeaf
@ -235,38 +248,37 @@ parseGroupedItemM = do
parseSingleItemM :: ParserM TricuAST
parseSingleItemM = do
token <- satisfyM (\case LIdentifier _ -> True; LKeywordT -> True; _ -> False)
if | LIdentifier name <- token -> pure (SVar name)
| token == LKeywordT -> pure TLeaf
| otherwise -> fail "Unexpected token in list item"
token <- satisfyM $ \case
LIdentifier _ -> True
LKeywordT -> True
_ -> False
case token of
LIdentifier name -> pure (SVar name)
LKeywordT -> pure TLeaf
_ -> fail "Unexpected token in list item"
parseVarM :: ParserM TricuAST
parseVarM = do
satisfyM (\case LIdentifier _ -> True; _ -> False) >>= \case
LIdentifier name
| name == "t" || name == "__result" ->
fail ("Reserved keyword: " ++ name ++ " cannot be assigned.")
| otherwise ->
pure (SVar name)
_ -> fail "Unexpected token while parsing variable"
LIdentifier name <- satisfyM $ \case
LIdentifier _ -> True
_ -> False
if name == "t" || name == "__result"
then fail ("Reserved keyword: " ++ name ++ " cannot be assigned.")
else pure (SVar name)
parseIntLiteralM :: ParserM TricuAST
parseIntLiteralM = do
let intL = (\case LIntegerLiteral _ -> True; _ -> False)
token <- satisfyM intL
if | LIntegerLiteral value <- token ->
pure (SInt value)
| otherwise ->
fail "Unexpected token while parsing integer literal"
LIntegerLiteral value <- satisfyM $ \case
LIntegerLiteral _ -> True
_ -> False
pure (SInt value)
parseStrLiteralM :: ParserM TricuAST
parseStrLiteralM = do
let strL = (\case LStringLiteral _ -> True; _ -> False)
token <- satisfyM strL
if | LStringLiteral value <- token ->
pure (SStr value)
| otherwise ->
fail "Unexpected token while parsing string literal"
LStringLiteral value <- satisfyM $ \case
LStringLiteral _ -> True
_ -> False
pure (SStr value)
getIdentifier :: LToken -> String
getIdentifier (LIdentifier name) = name

View File

@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ data TricuAST
| SInt Int
| SStr String
| SList [TricuAST]
| SDef String [String] TricuAST
| SFunc String [String] TricuAST
| SApp TricuAST TricuAST
| TLeaf
| TStem TricuAST

View File

@ -25,216 +25,180 @@ runTricu s = show $ result (evalTricu Map.empty $ parseTricu s)
tests :: TestTree
tests = testGroup "Tricu Tests"
[ lexer
, parser
, simpleEvaluation
, lambdas
, baseLibrary
, fileEval
, demos
[ lexerTests
, parserTests
, evaluationTests
, lambdaEvalTests
, libraryTests
, fileEvaluationTests
]
lexer :: TestTree
lexer = testGroup "Lexer Tests"
lexerTests :: TestTree
lexerTests = testGroup "Lexer Tests"
[ testCase "Lex simple identifiers" $ do
let input = "x a b = a"
expect = Right [LIdentifier "x", LIdentifier "a", LIdentifier "b", LAssign, LIdentifier "a"]
runParser tricuLexer "" input @?= expect
, testCase "Lex Tree Calculus terms" $ do
let input = "t t t"
expect = Right [LKeywordT, LKeywordT, LKeywordT]
runParser tricuLexer "" input @?= expect
, testCase "Lex escaped characters in strings" $ do
let input = "\"hello\\nworld\""
expect = Right [LStringLiteral "hello\\nworld"]
runParser tricuLexer "" input @?= expect
, testCase "Lex mixed literals" $ do
let input = "t \"string\" 42"
expect = Right [LKeywordT, LStringLiteral "string", LIntegerLiteral 42]
runParser tricuLexer "" input @?= expect
, testCase "Lex invalid token" $ do
let input = "&invalid"
case runParser tricuLexer "" input of
Left _ -> return ()
Right _ -> assertFailure "Expected lexer to fail on invalid token"
, testCase "Drop trailing whitespace in definitions" $ do
let input = "x = 5 "
expect = [LIdentifier "x",LAssign,LIntegerLiteral 5]
case (runParser tricuLexer "" input) of
Left _ -> assertFailure "Failed to lex input"
Right i -> i @?= expect
, testCase "Error when using invalid characters in identifiers" $ do
case (runParser tricuLexer "" "__result = 5") of
Left _ -> return ()
Right _ -> assertFailure "Expected failure when trying to assign the value of __result"
]
parser :: TestTree
parser = testGroup "Parser Tests"
parserTests :: TestTree
parserTests = testGroup "Parser Tests"
[ testCase "Error when assigning a value to T" $ do
let tokens = lexTricu "t = x"
case parseSingleExpr tokens of
Left _ -> return ()
Right _ -> assertFailure "Expected failure when trying to assign the value of T"
, testCase "Parse function definitions" $ do
let input = "x = (\\a b c : a)"
expect = SDef "x" [] (SLambda ["a"] (SLambda ["b"] (SLambda ["c"] (SVar "a"))))
expect = SFunc "x" [] (SLambda ["a"] (SLambda ["b"] (SLambda ["c"] (SVar "a"))))
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse nested Tree Calculus terms" $ do
let input = "t (t t) t"
expect = SApp (SApp TLeaf (SApp TLeaf TLeaf)) TLeaf
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse sequential Tree Calculus terms" $ do
let input = "t t t"
expect = SApp (SApp TLeaf TLeaf) TLeaf
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse mixed list literals" $ do
let input = "[t (\"hello\") t]"
expect = SList [TLeaf, SStr "hello", TLeaf]
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse function with applications" $ do
let input = "f = (\\x : t x)"
expect = SDef "f" [] (SLambda ["x"] (SApp TLeaf (SVar "x")))
expect = SFunc "f" [] (SLambda ["x"] (SApp TLeaf (SVar "x")))
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse nested lists" $ do
let input = "[t [(t t)]]"
expect = SList [TLeaf,SList [SApp TLeaf TLeaf]]
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse complex parentheses" $ do
let input = "t (t t (t t))"
expect = SApp TLeaf (SApp (SApp TLeaf TLeaf) (SApp TLeaf TLeaf))
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse empty list" $ do
let input = "[]"
expect = SList []
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse multiple nested lists" $ do
let input = "[[t t] [t (t t)]]"
expect = SList [SList [TLeaf,TLeaf],SList [TLeaf,SApp TLeaf TLeaf]]
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse whitespace variance" $ do
let input1 = "[t t]"
let input2 = "[ t t ]"
expect = SList [TLeaf, TLeaf]
parseSingle input1 @?= expect
parseSingle input2 @?= expect
, testCase "Parse string in list" $ do
let input = "[(\"hello\")]"
expect = SList [SStr "hello"]
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse parentheses inside list" $ do
let input = "[t (t t)]"
expect = SList [TLeaf,SApp TLeaf TLeaf]
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse nested parentheses in function body" $ do
let input = "f = (\\x : t (t (t t)))"
expect = SDef "f" [] (SLambda ["x"] (SApp TLeaf (SApp TLeaf (SApp TLeaf TLeaf))))
expect = SFunc "f" [] (SLambda ["x"] (SApp TLeaf (SApp TLeaf (SApp TLeaf TLeaf))))
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse lambda abstractions" $ do
let input = "(\\a : a)"
expect = (SLambda ["a"] (SVar "a"))
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Parse multiple arguments to lambda abstractions" $ do
let input = "x = (\\a b : a)"
expect = SDef "x" [] (SLambda ["a"] (SLambda ["b"] (SVar "a")))
expect = SFunc "x" [] (SLambda ["a"] (SLambda ["b"] (SVar "a")))
parseSingle input @?= expect
, testCase "Grouping T terms with parentheses in function application" $ do
let input = "x = (\\a : a)\nx (t)"
expect = [SDef "x" [] (SLambda ["a"] (SVar "a")),SApp (SVar "x") TLeaf]
expect = [SFunc "x" [] (SLambda ["a"] (SVar "a")),SApp (SVar "x") TLeaf]
parseTricu input @?= expect
, testCase "Comments 1" $ do
let input = "(t) (t) -- (t)"
expect = [SApp TLeaf TLeaf]
parseTricu input @?= expect
, testCase "Comments 2" $ do
let input = "(t) -- (t) -- (t)"
expect = [TLeaf]
parseTricu input @?= expect
]
simpleEvaluation :: TestTree
simpleEvaluation = testGroup "Evaluation Tests"
evaluationTests :: TestTree
evaluationTests = testGroup "Evaluation Tests"
[ testCase "Evaluate single Leaf" $ do
let input = "t"
let ast = parseSingle input
(result $ evalSingle Map.empty ast) @?= Leaf
, testCase "Evaluate single Stem" $ do
let input = "t t"
let ast = parseSingle input
(result $ evalSingle Map.empty ast) @?= Stem Leaf
, testCase "Evaluate single Fork" $ do
let input = "t t t"
let ast = parseSingle input
(result $ evalSingle Map.empty ast) @?= Fork Leaf Leaf
, testCase "Evaluate nested Fork and Stem" $ do
let input = "t (t t) t"
let ast = parseSingle input
(result $ evalSingle Map.empty ast) @?= Fork (Stem Leaf) Leaf
, testCase "Evaluate `not` function" $ do
let input = "t (t (t t) (t t t)) t"
let ast = parseSingle input
(result $ evalSingle Map.empty ast) @?=
Fork (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork Leaf Leaf)) Leaf
, testCase "Environment updates with definitions" $ do
let input = "x = t\ny = x"
env = evalTricu Map.empty (parseTricu input)
Map.lookup "x" env @?= Just Leaf
Map.lookup "y" env @?= Just Leaf
, testCase "Variable substitution" $ do
let input = "x = t t\ny = t x\ny"
env = evalTricu Map.empty (parseTricu input)
(result env) @?= Stem (Stem Leaf)
, testCase "Multiline input evaluation" $ do
let input = "x = t\ny = t t\nx"
env = evalTricu Map.empty (parseTricu input)
(result env) @?= Leaf
, testCase "Evaluate string literal" $ do
let input = "\"hello\""
let ast = parseSingle input
(result $ evalSingle Map.empty ast) @?= ofString "hello"
, testCase "Evaluate list literal" $ do
let input = "[t (t t)]"
let ast = parseSingle input
(result $ evalSingle Map.empty ast) @?= ofList [Leaf, Stem Leaf]
, testCase "Evaluate empty list" $ do
let input = "[]"
let ast = parseSingle input
(result $ evalSingle Map.empty ast) @?= ofList []
, testCase "Evaluate variable dependency chain" $ do
let input = "x = t (t t)\n \
\ y = x\n \
@ -243,17 +207,10 @@ simpleEvaluation = testGroup "Evaluation Tests"
\ variablewithamuchlongername"
env = evalTricu Map.empty (parseTricu input)
(result env) @?= (Stem (Stem Leaf))
, testCase "Immutable definitions" $ do
, testCase "Evaluate variable shadowing" $ do
let input = "x = t t\nx = t\nx"
env = evalTricu Map.empty (parseTricu input)
result <- try (evaluate (runTricu input)) :: IO (Either SomeException String)
case result of
Left _ -> return ()
Right _ -> assertFailure "Expected evaluation error"
(result env) @?= Leaf
, testCase "Apply identity to Boolean Not" $ do
let not = "(t (t (t t) (t t t)) t)"
let input = "x = (\\a : a)\nx " ++ not
@ -261,215 +218,174 @@ simpleEvaluation = testGroup "Evaluation Tests"
result env @?= Fork (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork Leaf Leaf)) Leaf
]
lambdas :: TestTree
lambdas = testGroup "Lambda Evaluation Tests"
lambdaEvalTests :: TestTree
lambdaEvalTests = testGroup "Lambda Evaluation Tests"
[ testCase "Lambda Identity Function" $ do
let input = "id = (\\x : x)\nid t"
runTricu input @?= "Leaf"
, testCase "Lambda Constant Function (K combinator)" $ do
let input = "k = (\\x y : x)\nk t (t t)"
runTricu input @?= "Leaf"
, testCase "Lambda Application with Variable" $ do
let input = "id = (\\x : x)\nval = t t\nid val"
runTricu input @?= "Stem Leaf"
, testCase "Lambda Application with Multiple Arguments" $ do
let input = "apply = (\\f x y : f x y)\nk = (\\a b : a)\napply k t (t t)"
runTricu input @?= "Leaf"
, testCase "Nested Lambda Application" $ do
let input = "apply = (\\f x y : f x y)\nid = (\\x : x)\napply (\\f x : f x) id t"
runTricu input @?= "Leaf"
, testCase "Lambda with a complex body" $ do
let input = "f = (\\x : t (t x))\nf t"
runTricu input @?= "Stem (Stem Leaf)"
, testCase "Lambda returning a function" $ do
let input = "f = (\\x : (\\y : x))\ng = f t\ng (t t)"
runTricu input @?= "Leaf"
, testCase "Lambda with Shadowing" $ do
let input = "f = (\\x : (\\x : x))\nf t (t t)"
runTricu input @?= "Stem Leaf"
, testCase "Lambda returning another lambda" $ do
let input = "k = (\\x : (\\y : x))\nk_app = k t\nk_app (t t)"
runTricu input @?= "Leaf"
, testCase "Lambda with free variables" $ do
let input = "y = t t\nf = (\\x : y)\nf t"
runTricu input @?= "Stem Leaf"
, testCase "SKI Composition" $ do
let input = "s = (\\x y z : x z (y z))\nk = (\\x y : x)\ni = (\\x : x)\ncomp = s k i\ncomp t (t t)"
runTricu input @?= "Stem (Stem Leaf)"
, testCase "Lambda with multiple parameters and application" $ do
let input = "f = (\\a b c : t a b c)\nf t (t t) (t t t)"
runTricu input @?= "Stem Leaf"
, testCase "Lambda with nested application in the body" $ do
let input = "f = (\\x : t (t (t x)))\nf t"
runTricu input @?= "Stem (Stem (Stem Leaf))"
, testCase "Lambda returning a function and applying it" $ do
let input = "f = (\\x : (\\y : t x y))\ng = f t\ng (t t)"
runTricu input @?= "Fork Leaf (Stem Leaf)"
, testCase "Lambda applying a variable" $ do
let input = "id = (\\x : x)\na = t t\nid a"
runTricu input @?= "Stem Leaf"
, testCase "Nested lambda abstractions in the same expression" $ do
let input = "f = (\\x : (\\y : x y))\ng = (\\z : z)\nf g t"
runTricu input @?= "Leaf"
, testCase "Lambda with a string literal" $ do
let input = "f = (\\x : x)\nf \"hello\""
runTricu input @?= "Fork (Fork Leaf (Fork Leaf (Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork (Stem Leaf) Leaf))))))) (Fork (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork Leaf (Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork (Stem Leaf) Leaf))))))) (Fork (Fork Leaf (Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork (Stem Leaf) Leaf))))))) (Fork (Fork Leaf (Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork (Stem Leaf) Leaf))))))) (Fork (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork (Stem Leaf) Leaf))))))) Leaf))))"
, testCase "Lambda with an integer literal" $ do
let input = "f = (\\x : x)\nf 42"
runTricu input @?= "Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) Leaf)))))"
, testCase "Lambda with a list literal" $ do
let input = "f = (\\x : x)\nf [t (t t)]"
runTricu input @?= "Fork Leaf (Fork (Stem Leaf) Leaf)"
]
baseLibrary :: TestTree
baseLibrary = testGroup "Library Tests"
libraryTests :: TestTree
libraryTests = testGroup "Library Tests"
[ testCase "K combinator 1" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "k (t) (t t)"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Leaf
, testCase "K combinator 2" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "k (t t) (t)"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Stem Leaf
, testCase "K combinator 3" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "k (t t t) (t)"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Fork Leaf Leaf
, testCase "S combinator" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "s (t) (t) (t)"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Fork Leaf (Stem Leaf)
, testCase "SKK == I (fully expanded)" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "s k k"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Fork (Stem (Stem Leaf)) (Stem Leaf)
, testCase "I combinator" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "i not?"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Fork (Fork (Stem Leaf) (Fork Leaf Leaf)) (Fork Leaf (Fork Leaf Leaf))
, testCase "Triage test Leaf" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "test t"
env = decodeResult $ result $ evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
env @?= "\"Leaf\""
, testCase "Triage test (Stem Leaf)" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "test (t t)"
env = decodeResult $ result $ evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
env @?= "\"Stem\""
, testCase "Triage test (Fork Leaf Leaf)" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "test (t t t)"
env = decodeResult $ result $ evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
env @?= "\"Fork\""
, testCase "Boolean NOT: true" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "not? true"
env = result $ evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
env @?= Leaf
, testCase "Boolean NOT: false" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "not? false"
env = result $ evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
env @?= Stem Leaf
, testCase "Boolean AND TF" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "and? (t t) (t)"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Leaf
, testCase "Boolean AND FT" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "and? (t) (t t)"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Leaf
, testCase "Boolean AND FF" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "and? (t) (t)"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Leaf
, testCase "Boolean AND TT" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "and? (t t) (t t)"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Stem Leaf
, testCase "List head" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "head [(t) (t t) (t t t)]"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Leaf
, testCase "List tail" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "head (tail (tail [(t) (t t) (t t t)]))"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Fork Leaf Leaf
, testCase "List map" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "head (tail (map (\\a : (t t t)) [(t) (t) (t)]))"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Fork Leaf Leaf
, testCase "Empty list check" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "emptyList? []"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Stem Leaf
, testCase "Non-empty list check" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "not? (emptyList? [(1) (2) (3)])"
env = evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
result env @?= Stem Leaf
, testCase "Concatenate strings" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "lconcat \"Hello, \" \"world!\""
env = decodeResult $ result $ evalTricu library (parseTricu input)
env @?= "\"Hello, world!\""
, testCase "Verifying Equality" $ do
library <- evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
let input = "equal? (t t t) (t t t)"
@ -477,42 +393,19 @@ baseLibrary = testGroup "Library Tests"
result env @?= Stem Leaf
]
fileEval :: TestTree
fileEval = testGroup "File evaluation tests"
fileEvaluationTests :: TestTree
fileEvaluationTests = testGroup "Evaluation tests"
[ testCase "Forks" $ do
res <- liftIO $ evaluateFileResult "./test/fork.tri"
res @?= Fork Leaf Leaf
, testCase "File ends with comment" $ do
res <- liftIO $ evaluateFileResult "./test/comments-1.tri"
res @?= Fork (Stem Leaf) Leaf
, testCase "Mapping and Equality" $ do
res <- liftIO $ evaluateFileResult "./test/map.tri"
res @?= Stem Leaf
, testCase "Eval and decoding string" $ do
library <- liftIO $ evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
res <- liftIO $ evaluateFileWithContext library "./test/string.tri"
decodeResult (result res) @?= "\"String test!\""
]
demos :: TestTree
demos = testGroup "Test provided demo functionality"
[ testCase "Structural equality demo" $ do
library <- liftIO $ evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
res <- liftIO $ evaluateFileWithContext library "./demos/equality.tri"
decodeResult (result res) @?= "t t"
, testCase "Convert values back to source code demo" $ do
library <- liftIO $ evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
res <- liftIO $ evaluateFileWithContext library "./demos/toSource.tri"
decodeResult (result res) @?= "\"(t (t (t t) (t t t)) (t t (t t t)))\""
, testCase "Determining the size of functions" $ do
library <- liftIO $ evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
res <- liftIO $ evaluateFileWithContext library "./demos/size.tri"
decodeResult (result res) @?= "454"
, testCase "Level Order Traversal demo" $ do
library <- liftIO $ evaluateFile "./lib/base.tri"
res <- liftIO $ evaluateFileWithContext library "./demos/levelOrderTraversal.tri"
decodeResult (result res) @?= "\"\n1 \n2 3 \n4 5 6 7 \n8 11 10 9 12 \""
]

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@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
compose = \f g x : f (g x)
succ = y (\self :
triage
1
t
(triage
(t (t t))
(\_ tail : t t (self tail))
t))
size = (\x :
(y (\self x :
compose succ
(triage
(\x : x)
self
(\x y : compose (self x) (self y))
x)) x 0))
size size

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@ -1 +0,0 @@
namedTerm = undefinedForTesting

View File

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
cabal-version: 1.12
name: tricu
version: 0.10.0
version: 0.7.0
description: A micro-language for exploring Tree Calculus
author: James Eversole
maintainer: james@eversole.co